The Kalingas: An Insight into an Ancient Tribe

The Kalingas, an ancient tribe of India, are often associated with the Angas and Vangas in ancient literature. According to historical texts, these tribes, including the Pundras and Suhmas, were named after the five sons of Bali: Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Pundra, and Suhtna. Collectively known as the Baleya Kshatra and Baleya Brahmanas, they occupied distinct geographical regions, developing their unique identities.

Kalinga is mentioned prominently in the Markandeya Purana, indicating settlements along the Satadru River. This region is often described as part of the southern territories of India, alongside tribes such as the Maharastras, Mahisakas, and others. The Mahabharata highlights several famed Kalinga kings who formed matrimonial alliances with the north's Aryan royal families, further intertwining their fate with the epic's narratives.

Geographically, the Kalinga territory extended from the coast of Vaitarani in Orissa to the borders of Andhra. Classical texts by scholars like Panini and Kautilya refer to Kalinga's significance—especially its revered elephants and rich cultural landscape. The Jatakas also illustrate the prominence of Kalinga, mentioning its capital, Dantapuranagara, likely synonymous with Dantakura cited in the Mahabharata.

Historically, the Kalingas gained notable prominence during the reign of Kharavela of the Ceta dynasty. Accounts from travelers like Yuan Chwang emphasize cultural differences between Kalinga's inhabitants and those from Mid-India, noting a minority of Buddhists alongside various other religious practices.

In literary and epigraphical records, the Kalingas are categorized into three groups: Gangaridae-Kalingae, Mekala-Kalingas, and Kalingae proper. Each group reflects the tribe's vast diversity and enduring legacy in India's rich tapestry of history and society. The Kalingas remain a significant point of interest for scholars studying ancient tribes, their dynamics, and their contributions to regional culture.