Rivers are lifelines of civilizations, shaping ecosystems, sustaining communities, and nurturing biodiversity. In India, rivers flowing through the Western Ghats and the Deccan plateau hold immense ecological and cultural significance. However, increasing human activity, industrial expansion, and mining operations have placed these fragile ecosystems under stress. The Goa State Pollution Control Board (GSPCB), under The National Water Quality Monitoring Programme, has been actively monitoring water quality at key points such as Panchawadi, Borim Bridge, and Marcaim Jetty. Their findings reveal troubling trends that demand urgent attention.
Water Quality Monitoring
The
GSPCB’s reports highlight the deteriorating condition of the river stretch
between Curchorem and Madkai, spanning approximately 28 kilometers. This
section has been classified under Priority
V pollution category, indicating significant contamination. Biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) levels, ranging between 3.2 and 5.1 mg/litre, exceed safe
thresholds. Elevated BOD levels suggest the presence of organic pollutants that
deplete dissolved oxygen, threatening aquatic life.
Equally
concerning are the fecal coliform counts, which surpass permissible limits for
bathing and recreational use. This points to untreated sewage discharge as a primary
pollutant. Such contamination not only endangers riverine biodiversity but also
poses risks to human health, particularly for communities relying on the river
for daily needs.
Mining Impacts on River Ecology
The
National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) has conducted extensive research into
the ecological impacts of mining activities in Goa. Iron ore dumps along
riverbanks leach heavy metals such as iron, manganese, and cobalt into the
waters. These trace elements, though naturally occurring, become harmful when
present in elevated concentrations.
Spillage
from ore transportation further aggravates the situation. Increased turbidity
reduces light penetration, thereby lowering primary productivity in aquatic
ecosystems. This disrupts the food chain, affecting fish populations and other
aquatic organisms. Additionally, siltation caused by mining residues alters
river channels, diminishing their capacity and increasing flood risks.
Ecological Significance of Western Ghats Rivers
The
rivers of the Western Ghats are not merely water bodies; they are ecological
corridors supporting diverse flora and fauna. Recognized as one of the world’s
eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity, the Western Ghats play a
crucial role in maintaining India’s ecological balance. Rivers originating here
sustain agriculture, fisheries, and drinking water supplies across the Deccan
plateau.
Pollution
in these rivers undermines the delicate equilibrium of ecosystems. Reduced fish
populations affect livelihoods, while contaminated waters threaten public
health. Moreover, the degradation of river life erodes cultural traditions tied
to these water bodies, weakening the bond between communities and their
environment.
The Way Forward
Addressing
these challenges requires a multi-pronged approach. Strengthening sewage
treatment infrastructure is essential to reduce fecal contamination. Mining
operations must adopt stricter environmental safeguards, including proper
containment of ore dumps and regulated transportation practices. Continuous
monitoring, coupled with transparent reporting, will help track progress and
hold stakeholders accountable.
Community
participation also plays a vital role. Awareness campaigns can encourage
responsible waste disposal and foster a sense of stewardship among local
populations. Integrating traditional ecological knowledge with modern
scientific practices can further enhance conservation efforts.
Conclusion
The
monitoring and reports by the GSPCB and NIO serve as a wake-up call. Rivers
flowing through The
Western Ghats and the Deccan are vital to India’s ecology, economy, and
cultural heritage. Protecting them from pollution and mining impacts is not
just an environmental necessity but a moral responsibility. By prioritizing
river health, Goa and India at large can ensure the sustainability of river
life and preserve the natural wealth of the Ghats of India for generations to
come.